Software Engineering Question & Answers
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Q1. Consider below LinkedIn login page and explain the Planning Principles that will be applied while developing Linkedin product development.
Answer:-
Here are a few planning principles that can be applied:
User-Centric Design: LinkedIn should prioritize user needs and preferences throughout the product development process. This involves conducting user research, gathering feedback, and incorporating user-centered design principles to ensure that the platform meets the expectations and requirements of its target audience.
Agile Methodology: LinkedIn could adopt an agile development approach, which involves iterative and incremental development. This allows for flexibility and adaptability, enabling regular feedback and quick adjustments to meet changing market demands and user expectations.
Scalability and Performance: As a popular professional networking platform, LinkedIn needs to plan for scalability and ensure optimal performance. The product development team should consider factors such as high traffic volumes, data storage, and efficient server infrastructure to handle increasing user loads and maintain a smooth user experience.
Security and Privacy: Protecting user data and ensuring the security and privacy of LinkedIn users are critical planning considerations. The product development team should implement robust security measures, follow best practices for data encryption, and comply with relevant privacy regulations to maintain user trust.
Integration and Compatibility: LinkedIn should plan for integration with other platforms, services, and APIs to enhance user experience and provide seamless connectivity. Compatibility across different devices and operating systems should also be considered to reach a wider user base.
Continuous Improvement and Iteration: LinkedIn’s product development should be an ongoing process of improvement and iteration. Regular feedback from users, performance analytics, and market trends should inform future updates and enhancements to the platform.
Project Management and Collaboration: Effective project management principles, such as clear communication, task prioritization, and collaboration tools, should be applied to ensure smooth coordination among cross-functional teams involved in LinkedIn’s product development.
It’s important to note that without access to the specific LinkedIn login page you provided, I cannot provide a detailed analysis of the planning principles implemented in LinkedIn’s product development. The principles mentioned above are general considerations that can be applied in the development process of a platform like LinkedIn.
Q2. (a)
a. Consider you are working as a software engineer in a software company, which is going to develop Web application for content based medical support solution for doctors and pharmacists. The business analyst plays a vital role in this project, who transfers the knowledge to the development team, such as, specific set of requirements, customer Specification, scenarios and others for building the Web application.
i) List all the stakeholders.
Answer:- Doctors: The primary users of the web application, who will utilize it for medical support and accessing relevant content.
Pharmacists: The target audience who will use the application for accessing medical information and providing assistance to doctors.
Business Analyst: Plays a vital role in gathering requirements, analyzing business needs, and communicating them to the development team.
Software Engineers: Responsible for developing the web application and implementing the required features.
Project Manager: Oversees the project, ensures its successful completion, and manages communication between stakeholders.
Quality Assurance (QA) Team: Tests the application for bugs, usability, and overall quality.
System Administrators: Responsible for deploying and maintaining the web application on servers.
End Users: Refers to the doctors and pharmacists who will use the application for their medical support needs.
Management: Executives and decision-makers who provide guidance, allocate resources, and make strategic decisions regarding the project.
IT Support Team: Provides technical support and addresses any issues or queries related to the application.
Data Providers: Suppliers or organizations that provide medical content and data for the application.
Regulatory Authorities: Government or industry bodies that may have regulations or guidelines related to medical applications.
ii). Name three suitable communication principles which can be recommended as part of the Project guidelines?
Answer:-Clarity and Simplicity: Ensure that communication is clear, concise, and easily understandable for all stakeholders. Avoid technical jargon or complex terminology when discussing project requirements, updates, or issues.
Active Listening: Encourage active listening during meetings, discussions, and feedback sessions. Give each stakeholder an opportunity to express their thoughts and concerns, and actively engage in understanding their perspectives.
Regular and Transparent Communication: Establish a communication plan that includes regular updates, progress reports, and transparent information sharing. Keep stakeholders informed about project milestones, challenges, and any changes in requirements or timelines. This helps build trust and keeps everyone on the same page throughout the project.
b. You are assigned with the job responsibility as a software engineer, Prepare a comparative study of Agile and Waterfall methodologies: Identify the challenges of each methodology when software engineer tries to apply both the above methods for technical project.
Answer:-
Comparative Study of Agile and Waterfall Methodologies:
Agile Methodology:
Iterative and Incremental Development: Agile follows an iterative and incremental approach, dividing the project into small increments or sprints. Each sprint delivers a working product increment.
Flexibility and Adaptability: Agile is highly flexible and adaptable to changing requirements and customer feedback. It allows for frequent collaboration and feedback loops, enabling adjustments and improvements throughout the development process.
Customer Collaboration: Agile encourages close collaboration with customers and stakeholders. They are involved in the project from the beginning, providing feedback and clarifying requirements, which leads to higher customer satisfaction.
Emphasis on Individuals and Interactions: Agile methodologies value individuals and interactions over rigid processes and tools. It promotes teamwork, effective communication, and self-organizing teams.
Continuous Delivery: Agile focuses on delivering working software in short iterations, ensuring continuous delivery of value to the customer. This allows for early feedback and quick adaptation.
Waterfall Methodology:
Sequential and Linear Process: Waterfall follows a sequential and linear approach, where each phase (requirements, design, development, testing, deployment) is completed before moving to the next. It has well-defined phases and milestones.
Documentation and Planning: Waterfall emphasizes detailed documentation and extensive upfront planning. Requirements are gathered and documented extensively before the development process begins.
Clear Milestones and Deliverables: Waterfall provides clear milestones and deliverables for each phase, making it easier to track progress and evaluate the project’s status.
Well-suited for Stable Requirements: Waterfall works well for projects with stable and well-defined requirements, where changes are unlikely to occur frequently.
Challenges of Applying Both Methods for a Technical Project:
Integration Challenges: Combining Agile and Waterfall methodologies can pose integration challenges. Waterfall relies on a sequential process, while Agile allows for flexibility and changes. Coordinating and integrating these different approaches can be complex.
Communication and Collaboration: Agile emphasizes close collaboration and frequent communication, whereas Waterfall relies more on documentation. Bridging the gap between these communication styles can be a challenge when using both methodologies simultaneously.
Scope Management: Agile focuses on embracing changing requirements, while Waterfall aims for upfront clarity and stability. Balancing these approaches can lead to challenges in scope management, as conflicting priorities and expectations may arise.
Planning and Predictability: Waterfall emphasizes detailed planning and predictability, while Agile allows for adaptation and flexibility. Harmonizing these different approaches can be challenging when applying both methodologies to a technical project.
Team Dynamics and Skill Sets: Agile requires self-organizing and cross-functional teams, while Waterfall may have more specialized roles. Aligning team dynamics and skill sets between the two methodologies can be a challenge, as team members need to adapt to different working styles.
In conclusion, while Agile and Waterfall methodologies have distinct characteristics and approaches, combining them in a single technical project can present challenges related to integration, communication, scope management, planning, and team dynamics. It’s important to carefully evaluate the project requirements, team capabilities, and organizational context to determine the most suitable methodology or hybrid approach to achieve project success.
Q3. Metro Railway station has just started to operate in several regions of the country. This has given opportunity for many Super markets to get started near the metro stations. Assume a XY Filter coffee shop wishes to open his stall next to Super market and metro station. The strategy he develops to check if his shop will have business or not goes as below:
An agent of XY Company does an exhaustive survey of the types of soaps sold in the super market over last one month. He finds out that quantity of the soaps which are pink color does not get sold as much as white colored soaps.
This analysis helps XY Company to proceed towards having a Filter Coffee shop near the Super market. This is because it was found that people from northern part of India prefers to use pink coloured soap, while people of southern part of India, choose white colored soap.
Since, the customer trend is from south part of India found huge in number; it is well known that they prefer to have Filter coffee to get them relaxed.
For the above case study, identify
i. Decomposition of the system into sub systems
Answer:-
Decomposition of the system into sub-systems:
Based on the provided case study, the decomposition of the system into sub-systems can be identified as follows:
Supermarket Subsystem: This subsystem represents the super market, which sells various products including different types of soaps. It collects sales data and customer preferences related to soap colors.
XY Company Subsystem: This subsystem represents XY Company, which conducts an exhaustive survey of the soaps sold in the super market. It analyzes the sales data to identify customer preferences based on soap colors.
Filter Coffee Shop Subsystem: This subsystem represents the proposed Filter Coffee shop that wishes to open near the Supermarket and Metro station. It relies on the analysis conducted by XY Company to determine customer preferences for filter coffee consumption.
ii. Mention and justify which architectural style will be suitable in case XY company wishes to collaborate with Super market
Answer:-
Suitable architectural style for collaboration:
Considering the collaboration between XY Company and the Supermarket, a suitable architectural style would be a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). Here’s the justification:
Loose Coupling: SOA promotes loose coupling between different components, allowing them to operate independently. In this case, the Supermarket subsystem and the XY Company subsystem can function independently, with the XY Company analyzing sales data provided by the Supermarket.
Service Reusability: SOA emphasizes the reuse of services. The analysis conducted by XY Company can be considered as a service that provides valuable insights. This analysis can be reused by other stakeholders, such as the Filter Coffee Shop subsystem, to make informed decisions.
Scalability and Flexibility: SOA supports scalability and flexibility. As the Metro Railway stations expand, more supermarkets may emerge, and XY Company can continue to analyze sales data from multiple supermarkets. The collaboration can be easily extended to additional supermarkets or different regions.
Interoperability: SOA enables interoperability between different subsystems. In this case, the Supermarket subsystem and the XY Company subsystem can exchange data and information seamlessly, facilitating the analysis process.
By adopting a Service-Oriented Architecture, the collaboration between XY Company and the Supermarket can be more efficient, flexible, and scalable, allowing the Filter Coffee Shop subsystem to leverage the analysis conducted by XY Company to make informed business decisions.
Q4. The case of NIRBHAYA has brought a revolutionary movement among all the citizens. Several policies are also formulated by the Government of India towards Women Protection One such scheme is to apply technology for woman security and help. This scheme enables all female citizens to download NIRBHAYA App which is well connected to Police, CID, Hospital, Commuting services and NGOs. In a scenario where woman/girl senses a threat, she can dial the number provided for Help. The alert message should reach immediately to all the connected services and whoever is near to the location will be the saved
For the above case study
1. Identify the suitable software architecture and justify for your choice
2. Design the architecture which is identified
ChatGPT
Suitable Software Architecture: Event-Driven Architecture (EDA)
Justification:
Given the scenario’s requirement for immediate alert messages to be sent to connected services and nearby individuals in case of a threat, an Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) would be suitable. EDA is a software architecture pattern that emphasizes the production, detection, and reaction to events.
In this case, when a woman/girl senses a threat and dials the Help number, it triggers an event. This event needs to be propagated to various connected services (Police, CID, Hospital, Commuting services, NGOs) and individuals who are near the location. EDA provides a scalable and loosely coupled architecture that can handle event processing, distribution, and consumption effectively.
Architecture Design:
The designed architecture for the scenario can be represented as follows:
+——————-+
| NIRBHAYA App |
+——————-+
|
+————————|————————+
| | |
+—————-+ +——————-+ +——————-+
| Police | | CID | | Hospital |
+—————-+ +——————-+ +——————-+
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
+—————-+ +——————-+ +——————-+
| Commuting | | NGOs |
| Services | | |
+—————-+ +——————-+
Answer:-
Explanation:
NIRBHAYA App: This represents the mobile application that women/girls can download. It acts as the interface for them to trigger the help alert by dialing the designated number.
Police, CID, Hospital, Commuting Services, NGOs: These represent the connected services that need to receive the alert message. Each service can have its own system/application to handle the received alerts and initiate appropriate actions.
Event Bus: An event bus acts as a central communication mechanism between the NIRBHAYA App and the connected services. It receives the event triggered by the app and then publishes the event to all the connected services that have subscribed to receive such alerts.
Location Service: The app uses location services (e.g., GPS) to determine the user’s current location when the help alert is triggered. The location information can be included in the event message to help the connected services and nearby individuals understand the urgency and proximity of the threat.
Nearby Individuals: In addition to the connected services, the event message can be broadcasted to nearby individuals who have opted to receive such alerts. This can be achieved through push notifications or location-based services that notify users in the vicinity.
The event-driven architecture allows for scalability, flexibility, and real-time event processing. When the woman/girl triggers the help alert, an event is generated and distributed through the event bus, ensuring that all relevant services and individuals are notified promptly. The loosely coupled nature of EDA enables easy integration with new services and updates without disrupting the overall system functionality.
Q5. What are system sequence diagrams (SSD) and why are they helpful? Draw SSD for the following scenario.
A customer goes to supermarket and places all the items into the basket and arrives at a checkout with items he wants to purchase. The cashier uses the POS system to record each purchased item. The system presents a running total and line-item details. The cashier ends the sale after which the system presents the total with taxes. The cashier proceeds for payment option and asks customer enters payment information, which the system validates and records. The system updates inventory. The customer receives a receipt from the system and then leaves with the items.”
ChatGPT
System Sequence Diagrams (SSD) are visual representations that illustrate the interactions between external actors and the system under consideration. They depict the sequence of messages or actions exchanged between the actors and the system to accomplish a specific functionality or use case.
SSDs are helpful in several ways:
Understanding System Behavior: SSDs provide a clear and concise overview of the interactions between actors and the system, helping stakeholders understand how the system functions and responds to external stimuli.
Requirement Analysis: SSDs serve as a basis for requirement analysis by capturing the essential interactions between actors and the system. They help identify the necessary inputs, outputs, and the order of events to achieve the desired functionality.
Communication and Collaboration: SSDs act as communication tools, enabling effective communication and collaboration between stakeholders, including developers, designers, testers, and clients. They facilitate discussions and clarify any ambiguities in system behavior.
Validation and Verification: SSDs can be used as a basis for validating system behavior against the intended functionality. They aid in verifying that the system meets the requirements and performs as expected.
Now, let’s draw the SSD for the given scenario:
Customer POS System Inventory System
| | |
|—- PlaceItems() ——->| |
| | |
| |—- RecordItem(item) ——–>|
| | |
| |<– RunningTotal(), LineItem() -|
| | |
| |—- EndSale() —————>|
| | |
| |<——- TotalWithTaxes() —–|
| | |
|—- EnterPaymentInfo() –>| |
| |—- ValidatePayment() ——->|
| | |
| |<——- RecordPayment() ——|
| | |
| |—- UpdateInventory() ——->|
| | |
| |<——- Receipt() ————|
| | |
|<———- ReceiveReceipt()——————————-|
| | |
| | |
Answer:-
The Customer is the external actor who interacts with the POS System.
The POS System interacts with the Inventory System to record items and update inventory.
The SSD illustrates the sequence of actions/messages exchanged between the Customer, POS System, and Inventory System.
The actions/messages are shown in the diagram as labeled arrows, indicating the flow of information.
The Customer places items into the basket (PlaceItems()) and enters payment information (EnterPaymentInfo()).
The POS System records each purchased item (RecordItem()) and presents running total and line-item details (RunningTotal(), LineItem()).
The cashier ends the sale (EndSale()), and the system presents the total with taxes (TotalWithTaxes()).
The system validates the payment information (ValidatePayment()), records the payment (RecordPayment()), and updates the inventory (UpdateInventory()).
The system generates a receipt (Receipt()) and provides it to the Customer (ReceiveReceipt()).
Note: The SSD focuses on the sequence of actions/messages exchanged, but it does not capture any conditional logic or detailed system behavior. It provides a high-level overview of the system interactions for the given scenario.
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